speaking population of Finland<br><br>The Swedish speaking population of Finland (whose members are often called Swedish speaking Finns,[3] Finland Swedes, Finland Swedes, Finnish Swedes, Swedes of Finland see below; Swedish: finlandssvenskar; Finnish: suomenruotsalaiset; the term Swedo Finnish[4][5] Swedish: finlandssvensk; Finnish: suomenruotsalainen can be used as an attributive phrase) constitutes a linguistic minority in Finland. They maintain a strong identity and are seen either as a separate ethnic group[6][7] or as a distinct nationality.[8] They speak Finland Swedish, which encompasses both a standard language and distinct dialects that are mutually intelligible with the dialects spoken in Sweden and, to a lesser extent, other Scandinavian languages.<br><br>According to Statistics Finland, Swedish is the mother tongue of about 265,000 people in mainland Finland and of about 25,000 people in land, a self governing archipelago of islands off the west coast of Finland, where Swedish speakers constitute a majority. Swedish speakers comprise 5.4% of the total Finnish population [9] or about 4.9% without land. The proportion has been steadily diminishing since the early 19th century, when Swedish was the mother tongue of approximately 15% of the population and considered a prestige language. According to a statistical analysis made by Fjalar Finns, the population of the minority group is today stable[10][11] and may even be increasing slightly in total numbers since more parents from bilingual families tend to register their children as Swedish speakers.[12] It is estimated that 70% of bilingual families that is, ones with one parent Finnish speaking and the other Swedish speaking register their children as Swedish speaking.[13]The Swedish term finlandssvensk (literally Finland Swede), which is used by the group itself, does not have an established English translation. In 1966, the historian Hmlinen (as referenced by McRae 1993) addressed the strong correlation between the scholar's mother tongue and the views on the age and continuity of the Scandinavian settlement history of Finland. "Whereas Finnish speaking scholars tended to deny or minimize the presence of Swedish speakers before the historically documented Swedish expeditions starting from the 12th century, Swedish speaking scholars have found archeological and philological evidence for a continuous and Swedish or Germanic presence in Finland from pre historic times" (McRae, 1993).[18] However, during the recent decades several Swedish speaking philologists, archaeologists and historians from Finland have criticized the theories of Germanic/Scandinavian continuity in Finland.[19][20][21][22][23][24]<br><br>According to the archaeological evidence, the land Islands shared the Viking Age Scandinavian culture. 1150) which,woolrich outlet italia 208 contactsLe Chesnay FranceForte de deux expatriations, if it actually happened, served to expand Christianity and annex Finnish territories to the kingdom of Sweden. Simultaneously the growth of population in Sweden, together with lack of land, resulted in Swedish settlements in Southern and Western coastal areas of Finland.[26][27] The Second Swedish Crusade against the Tavastians in 13th century extended the Swedish settlements to Nylandia.[28] During the 14th century the population expansion from Sweden proper increasingly took the form of organised mass arrivals: the new settlers came in large numbers in large ships from various parts of Sweden's Eastern coast, from Smland to Hlsingland.<br><br>Nationalism and language strife<br><br>Main article: Finland's language strife<br><br>The proportion of Swedish speakers in Finland has declined since the 18th century, when almost 20% spoke Swedish (these 18th century statistics excluded Karelia and Kexholm County, which were ceded to Russia in 1743, and the northern parts of present day Finland were counted as part of Norrland). When the Grand Duchy of Finland was formed and Karelia was reunited with Finland, the share of Swedish speakers was 15% of the population.<br><br>During the 19th century a national awakening occurred in Finland. It was supported by the Russian central administration for practical reasons, as a security measure to weaken Swedish influence in Finland. This trend was reinforced by the general wave of nationalism in Europe in the mid 19th century. As a result, under the influence of the German idea of one national language, a strong movement arose that promoted the use of the Finnish language in education, research and administration.[31] Many influential Swedish speaking families learned Finnish, fennicized their names and changed their everyday language to Finnish, sometimes not a very easy task. This linguistic change had many similarities with the linguistic and cultural revival of 19th century Lithuania where many former Polish speakers expressed their affiliation with the Lithuanian nation by adopting Lithuanian as their spoken language. As the educated class in Finland was almost entirely Swedish speaking, the first generation of the Finnish nationalists and Fennomans came predominantly from a Swedish speaking background.<br><br>Swedish speakers as a percentage of Finland's population 2<br><br>The language issue was not primarily an issue of ethnicity,outlet moncler Universalist C, but an ideological and philosophical issue as to what language policy would best preserve Finland as a nation. This also explains why so many academically educated Swedish speakers changed to Finnish: it was motivated by ideology. Both parties had the same patriotic objectives, but their methods were completely the opposite. The language strife would continue up until World War II.<br><br>The majority of the population both Swedish and Finnish speakers were farmers, fishermen and other workers. The farmers lived mainly in unilingual areas, while the other workers lived in bilingual areas such as Helsinki. This co existence gave birth to Helsinki slang a Finnish slang with novel slang words of Finnish, local and common Swedish and Russian origin. Helsinki was primarily Swedish speaking until the late 19th century, see further: of Helsinki. According to this view Finland has two national languages but only one nationality. This view was never shared in the Swedish speaking political circles and paved the way for a linguistic conflict. Contrary to the Finnish speaking view the leaders of the Swedish nationality movement (Axel Lille and others) maintained that the Swedish population of Finland constituted a nationality of its own and the provisions of the constitution act were seen to support the view.[32] The Finnish speaking political circles denoted the cultural rights of Finland Swedes as minority rights. The Finland Swedish political view emphasized the equality of the Swedish nationality next to the Finnish speaking nationality and the fact the national languages of Finland were the languages of the respective nationalities of the country, not the languages of the state itself. The concept of minority, although de facto the case for Swedish speakers, was perceived as being against the spirit of the constitution. However, gradually after the Second World War,louboutin pas cher Avant de r, the concept of minority has been increasingly applied to Swedish speakers, even within the Finland Swedish political discourse.<br><br>The Swedish nationality movement was effectively mobilized during the aftermath of Finnish independence and the civil war that shortly followed. The Swedish assembly of Finland was founded to protect the linguistic integrity of Swedish speakers and seek fixed territorial guarantees for the Swedish language for those parts of the country where Swedish speakers made up the local majority.[33] The Finnish speaking parties and leadership studiously avoided self government for Swedish speakers in the Finnish mainland. Of the broader wishes of the Swedish speaking political movement only cultural concessions most notably administrative autonomy for Swedish schools and a Swedish diocese were realized, which nevertheless were sufficient to prevent more thorough conflict between the ethno linguistic groups.[34]<br><br>Developments since the late 19th century<br><br>The urbanization and industrialization that began in the late 19th century increased the interaction between people speaking different languages with each other, especially in the bigger towns. Helsinki (Hlsingfors in Swedish and dominantly used until the late 20th century), named after medieval settlers from the Swedish province of Hlsingland, and still close to 100% Swedish speaking in the 19th century, attracted Finnish speaking workers, civil servants and university students from inland parts of Finland, as did other Swedish speaking areas.[35] As a result, the originally unilingual Swedish speaking coastal regions in the province of Nyland Uusimaa were cut into two parts. There was a smaller migration in the opposite direction, and a few Swedish speaking "islands" emerged in towns like Tampere, Oulu and Kotka.<br><br>According to official statistics, Swedish speakers made up 12.89% of the total population of Finland of 2.6 million in 1900. By 1950 the share had fallen to 8.64% of a total of 4 million people. By 1990 the share was 5.94% of 5 million people. This sharp decline has since levelled off to a decline of 0.02% or 0.03% per year.<br><br>An important contribution to the decline of Swedish speakers in Finland during the second half of the 20th century was that many Swedish speakers emigrated to Sweden. An estimated 30% 50% of all Finnish citizens who moved to Sweden were Swedish speaking Finns. Another reason is that the natural increase of the Finnish speakers has been somewhat faster than that of the Swedish speakers until recent times, when the trend has reversed.<br><br>During most of the 20th century, marriages across language borders tended to result in children becoming Finnish speakers, and knowledge of Swedish declined. During the last decades the trend has been reversed: many bilingual families chose to register their children as Swedish speakers and put their children in Swedish schools. One motive is the language skills needed during their professional lives. 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